Author: Dr. Giorgio Gagliardi
Report Title: DREAM
warning: ANALYSIS Psychophysiology, Psychology and BIOPSICOCIBERNETICA.
THE EXCESS OF CURRENT CONCEPTS OF SPACE AND TIME.
1. Abstract
2. Historical assumptions of the premonitory dream
3. The study of consciousness altered sleep / dream
4. The genetic program of biological sleep / dream
5. Yet undiscovered mechanisms of rest
6. The premonition as "output" (response) ordinary of the mind / brain
7. There are neurophysiological bases of premonitory dream?
8. Bibliography
1. Introduction To
premonitory dream means commonly a sequence of images of events that happen in the future more or less chronologically and spatially defined, that the brain / mind receives as dispercezione (probably not through the senses) during the biological program that implemented in humans and is linked to day / night cycle.
This is not so in reality or state of wakefulness, but during the altered state of consciousness, which alternates the night and it's called sleep / dream. These two states of consciousness (waking reality or on one side and sleep / dream other) are centers of activation and deactivation of different and mutually antagonistic, so they are independent of each other. The neural systems of stimulation (input) that are activated during wakefulness are blocked during sleep or are not received by the higher centers that they should be analyzed.
inputs that occur to activate the sleep / dream almost always arise from areas of the brain's own biological program, and therefore genetic, the altered state of consciousness, which are antagonistic to those responsible for the waking state. This concept can be explained with a metaphor: during the day the man is an actor, while in sleep / dream is spectator or observer of himself and of those data centers, sleep / dream sequence and provide him with a well-defined procedures.
The period of rest at the beginning of man corresponds with the period of the hypnagogic state, which precedes their periods of sleep and dreaming (also called REM sleep) that affect each other several times in order to finish in the state before hypnopompic awakening, or the reactivation of the centers of the state of reality, while you turn off the centers of the sleep / dream.
The premonitory dream is not a common dream and we can not yet be established, as in the dream, if this happens during the period commonly understood as a dream or during different periods of sleep where you also have dreams, or even during that short period in which the four sleep stages reach their terminal phase, which is the trigger of the dream, but it has an approach to the waking state, which was not felt, except by special commands (lucid dreaming) .
2. Historical assumptions of the premonitory dream
2.1 The first evidence
The first written evidence of premonitory dream is stated in one of the first books produced by human kind, the Epic of Gilgamesh, composed around 2000 BC on clay tablets-dried sun and found in the library of Ashurbanipal, in Nineveh in 1852. Gilgamesh Enkidu dreams of meeting, with whom he has been a struggle at first, but then, riconosciutane force, the door to her mother and adopt it as a twin. When Gilgamesh tells his mother Ninsun this dream, she interprets it as a goddess priestess.
At the Sumerians, the Greeks and there were temples that features long hallways where people could sleep and then dreaming, but the priests were active during the night continues with suggestions for where people narrated in the morning to the same priests dreams that were interpreted by the priests themselves. Also there in Norse mythology and the dreamers who interpreted them.
2.2 From Xenophon, Anabasis (note 1) A dream told by Xenophon. Athenian. born in 430 BC In 402 he dreamed Asia. Forgot Athens ran to enlist mercenaries among the Theban Prosseno gathering was to support the cause of the prince Cyrus, Knight venture among ten thousand soldiers of fortune, he set the orders of the Spartan general Clearchus and reached the army of Cyrus in Mesopotamia. Here, not far from the Baghdad, the two armies came to fratricidal battle royal in the autumn of 401. With his comrades had fought so valiantly that night returned to the camp and believes he has won only the next day, as the tide of battle is unknown to those who have fought, he discovered that he had lost. Here really began its journey, the tortuous retreat that was to lead up to the Black Sea and from there home. At least in Greece returned, only to tell where it was. A nightmare
2.2a (Anabasis, III, 1 11-13, footnote 1) Because
discouragement was widespread, Xenophon is afflicted with the others and could not sleep. But it took some time to sleep, had a dream: he thought that burst like thunder, lightning fell on the house of his father, and that it will end up completely burnt. Then suddenly awoke in a panic, and a side thought the dream was a good thing, because he thought he saw, while he was in fatigues and dangers, a great light sent by Zeus, and second, however, feared - because the dream seemed to be sent King Zeus, and he felt that the fire burned all around - they can not get away from the land of the king, but to be surrounded on all sides by some difficulties.
The interpretation of dreams (Anabasis, III, 1: 13-14)
What it meant never having made such a dream, it is possible to argue from the facts that occurred after the dream. It happened, in fact, this episode just woke up, immediately he is thinking, "Why I'm here to stay? The night progresses it is clear that the enemies will come at daybreak. And if we fall into the hands of the king, what will prevent that we end up killed a violent death, after seeing all sorts of horrible show and have suffered the most terrible torture? None is also prepared to defend ourselves, or it shall be thought, indeed sleep as if it was permissible to stay calm.
2.3 Two dreams reveal the future of Phalaris and Ciro (Cic.)
Heraclides of Pontus, a pupil of Plato, wrote to the mother of Phalaris, which seemed in a dream to see the statues of the gods, who had devoted herself at home her, among them seemed to Mercury paid by the couple, who kept his right hand, blood that touched the ground when boiling so that the whole house dripping blood. The inhuman cruelty of the child's mother confirmed this dream. In the books of Persian
Dinon was written "to Cyrus, who was sleeping the sun was to his feet, he tried in vain to grab it with his hands three times, as the sun, making his rounds, and faded away. The magi said, based on the triple attempt to catch the sun, that Cyrus had reigned for thirty years, what happened. "
2.4 Marcus Tullius Cicero, On Divination,
From Book One (footnote 1) The first is
review ancient, dating back to legendary times that there are men with a kind of divination, that is capable of predicting the future and acquire the knowledge! As we express ourselves much better than the Romans the Greeks, so also this extraordinary gift our forefathers gave a name taken from the gods, while the Greeks, as Plato explains, the name derived from the same folly. 2
I do not know, indeed, any people who do not believe that the future will be manifested by signs, and that there are people capable of understanding and explaining in advance.
3 and Greece never sent its inhabitants to found colonies in Eolia, in Ionia, in Asia, in Sicily, in Italy without first consulting the oracle at Delphi or Dodona, or that of Ammon?
III 5 The ancients, in my opinion, they believed the truth of divination from becoming more impressed because of the prophecies that rational argument. But as the philosophers were collected their subtle reasoning to show that the divination is true. Among them Xenophanes of Colophon was the only one who, while believing in the existence of gods, denied any belief in divination. Instead, the peripatetic Dicearco considered accurate only dreams and prophecies cry in fits of madness, he denied the faith to any other kind of divination, and my close friend Cratippo, they also believed these two types of prophecies, repudiated all the others.
III 6 A man of wit sharp, Chrysippus, the whole doctrine expounded in two books of divination, and then treated in another book of oracles, in yet another dream.
XXII
Tarquin the Proud, he tells us in one of his Brute Accio dream.
44 "After that, at nightfall, I had abandoned the body for sleep, releasing in sleep the tired limbs, appeared to me in a dream, a pastor who pushed me towards a herd of woolly extraordinary beauty, it seemed that from that flock were selected two rams and relatives that I sacrificed most impressive of the two and then the brother of the murdered man pointed horns, are rushing to strike me that clash and break down. I then fell to the ground, badly wounded, got up on his back his eyes and saw a vast, extraordinary fact: the blazing disk of the sun, pouring its rays, it vanished right reversing his path in the sky. "
45 Well , we see what was the interpretation of that dream by degl'indovini: "O king, the things in life men wont to do, things they think, take care, see, and when awake and perform such s'affaccendano, it is no wonder if they happen to someone in a dream, but in a circumstance so extraordinary, not without reason, visions arise . He is so attentive, that he esteems you silly like a beast, has not fitted with a mind of genius, above the flock, and do not rush from the throne. "
XXIX
60" But many dreams are false. " Rather, perhaps, we are difficult to understand. But let us assume that there are false: the real against what we say? It would be true more often than if we had available to sleep in perfect condition. Now, filled with food and wine , we see things in a dream misleading and confusing. It recalls the words of Socrates in Plato's Republic. He says, "sleep in that part of the soul that belongs to the rational sphere is drowsy and weak, rather than in hosting a feral instincts and brutalized by a crude violence is excessive food and drink, this is unbridled and exalts himself inordinately while we sleep. To it, therefore, you have visions of all kinds, lack of sense and reasonableness: the impression is to unite carnally with his mother or any other human or divine, often with a beast of slaughter and even some ungodly hands stained with blood to do many other things impure and horrible, without restraint or modesty.
61 But who, leading a life and a healthy diet and moderate, lets go to sleep when that part of the soul part of the reason is that active and vigorous and satisfied by the food of good thoughts, and the other part of the soul that is nourished by the pleasures is neither exhausted by hunger or satiety burdened by too much (one or the other of these two conditions, or that the body is deprived of something or that it overflows, soles blur the sharpness of the mind), and finally The third part of the soul, which resides in the heat of passion, is quiet and subdued, - then so be that, being held in check both sides intemperate soul, the third part, that of sense and reasonableness, shine and you have a dream full of vigor and insight: that man, then, has appeared calm and truthful in his sleep. "I just translated the words of Plato.
XI 27 The natural kind, however, opine that it was produced and, so to speak, prorompesse or exaltation of the mind or soul released from the senses and worries during sleep. You did then derive the divination in general by three principles: the gods, fate, by nature. But, failing to explain any of this, you citing defended an admirable amount of imaginary examples.
2.5 From "The Way of the dream in the Bible" (Note 2)
- "But God appeared in a dream at night Abimelech and said, "Here you will die because of the woman you've got, because she is already married." (Genesis 20:3)
- "And he dreamed: a ladder appeared, which, supported above the ground, the summit reached to heaven, for in it the angels of God ascending and descending." (Genesis 28, 12) and had the famous vision of Jacob.
- "But God appeared to Laban in a dream at night, the Syrian, and said," See that you speak to Jacob either good or bad. "(Genesis, 31, 24)
-" Now Joseph had a dream and told it to his brothers. He told them: "You are feeling the dream I had: we were in the middle of the field to bind the sheaves, when suddenly my sheaf arose and stood upright, and your sheaves instead put him around and bowed to mine ... He then had another dream and told it to his brothers, with these words: "Behold, I had another dream: the sun and the moon and eleven stars bowed down before me. " Even then he told his father (Jacob), as did his brothers "(Genesis 37: 5-7),
-" We had a dream and no one knows how to interpret it. And Joseph said unto them, not interpretations belong to God? Ah, tell me the dream. And then the chief butler told his dream to Joseph ... "
(Genesis 40: 8-9). It is the dream of Pharaoh's chief butler.
- "Two years later Pharaoh had a dream: he seemed to be along the Nile and the river came up seven cows, fat and good-looking that they began to graze in the reeds. After them, seven other cows, ugly and lean up from the Nile and stood beside the first on the river bank "(Genesis 41: 1-3)
-" And (God) said, "Listen carefully to my words: if there is among you a prophet, I will make myself known to him in a vision, I speak with him in a dream "(Numbers 12: 6).
-Now the elders of Moab came to Balaam, and he said to stay that night to have the answer. But God came to Balaam at night (some versions say in a dream) and told him not to go with them, nor to curse the people because it is blessed. And one of the following nights (In a dream?) God told Balaam to go again with the king of Moab sent, but do only what he will say. (Numbers from 22.8 to 20)
- "Gideon felt such a dream which told his companion and said:" I had a dream and I felt that a barley bread baked under the ashes, roll in the field of Midian. Arrived at the tent, and hit it overturned on the ground in disarray. "The companion replied:" This means nothing but the sword of Gideon son of Joash, the Israelite, in whose hands God has given Midian and all the His army "(Judges, 7, 13-14)
-" At Gibeon the Lord appeared in a dream at night (Solomon) and said, "Ask whatever you want I give you" ... he woke up, Solomon knew that it was a dream "(I Kings, 3, 4, 15)
-"... but You m'atterrisci with dreams and ghosts scare me" (Job, 7, 14)
- "God Speaks in one way and then another man and not realize it: in a dream, night vision, when sleep descends upon men "(Job, 33, 14-15)
-" In the second year of his reign Nebuchadnezzar had a dream that troubled his spirit to the point
not let him get to sleep more ... "(Daniel, 2, 1 et seq)
Deuteronomy 13:1-5 When will arise among you a prophet or a dreamer who proclaims you a sign or a wonder, and the sign or the wonder that is done you will have spoken and he says, "Let's go back other gods, which thou hast never known, and let us serve them, "you do not give heed to the words of that prophet or that dreamer of dreams, because the Lord your God, He tests you to see if you love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul.
2.6 New Testament: the premonitory dreams
- is that he appeared to Joseph in a dream an angel told him: - Joseph, son of David, do not be afraid to take Mary to marry, because what is conceived in her is of the Spirit Santo. She will give birth to a son and you shall call his name Jesus (Matthew 1, 18).
- An angel appeared to Joseph in a dream and said, "Get up and flee to Egypt and stay there until I warn you, because Herod is looking for the child to kill him (Matthew 2:13).
- An angel appeared in a dream to Joseph in Egypt and said, - Rise, take the child and his mother and goes in the land of Israel, because they are dead which sought the child's life (Matthew 2, 20).
Joseph was afraid of the place of his father Herod Archelaus. Warned in a dream he withdrew in the regions of Galilee and went to live in Nazareth (Matthew 2, 22).
2.7 premonitory dreams through the centuries
Dreams also inspired major scientific advances. The most famous among them is the discovery of the molecular structure of benzene by the chemist Kekulé, that in a state of drowsiness saw groups of atoms of different sizes writhe like snakes. The exact nature of the structure of benzene escaped until one evening when he fell asleep, his subconscious took over.
Kekulé says he stopped writing and falling asleep. He saw atoms danced wildly around him. The atoms then began to organize themselves in long lines and move like a snake. While watching the snake dance, he saw an image he had seen years before in a ring in 1850, the snake devouring its tail.
Kekulé awoke as if struck by lightning. He realized instantly that the problem on which he had worked for years had not been solved through the study, but with a dream.
2.8 Don Bosco and premonitory dreams
Don Bosco had precognitive dreams from 9 to 70 years. The characteristics of his dreams so important to differentiate them from other premonitory dreams, since they did not need to be interpreted, because events related to the death of his pupils or of healing, which was indicated the precise date of the event or anticipation of occult facts and future.
It is true that some premonitory dreams of Don Bosco was a metaphor. But, unlike other premonitory dreams lay, they had a logical and orderly, that there is almost never in the dream, and then narrated them to his students during the evening prayer, or just told him to serve to enable the latter to prepare for the event foretold.
In his description of those dreams we read that he was very simple exposition of the same tones and never takes such a drop from what he said, that was not a fanatic, but a person who is humble and he said "(...) inept and unworthy as the false prophet Balaam, who then said to the Israelites real events. I could be like him. "So he never abandoned the precautions necessary to express his" dreams ". The veracity of the events corresponding to the premonitory dream was to support its community and a large section of population. She also received the advice of his superior Pope Pius IX, who told him to write his dreams and also tell a secret to those who thought it was right to report (note 9).
It shows only the first dream that Don Bosco had the age of nine: "Jesus and the Virgin foretold his mission: he was near his house in the middle of a crowd of kids entertained. Some laughed, others swearing. He threw in half with his fists and words to silence them. And there appeared a man with a luminous face that told him to put in charge of those boys, adding: "Not with blows, but with meekness and charity you will need to make these your friends. Tell them the ugliness of sin and the preciousness of virtue. "John replied, confused that he did not know to do. Suddenly, laughter, shouting and swearing and I ended up boys gathered around Don Bosco. The bright man reminded him that these things were not possible with obedience and with the purchase of science, and that He would give him a master, under whose guidance will become wise. He then asked who he was and he replied: I am the son of her who your mother taught you to say goodbye to three times a day. I can not talk to people who do not know And they said to ask his name to his mother. At that moment he saw beside him a woman of majestic appearance, which took his hand and he did Look around all the boys had disappeared in their place were kids, dogs, cats, bears and other animals. Here's your field where you work, and saw that instead of wild animals animals appeared meek as lambs running around. He asked the lady to explain everything because he did not understand and wanted to understand and putting her hand on her head at the time said he would understand. He woke up with sore hands for punches that had given (note 10).
2.9 Texts of parapsychology
Many are also the precognitive dreams reported by the texts of parapsychology (note 11). It is mentioned in the text of the story of a young widow who, after two years by premonitory dream, decided to recount the experience disturbing that preceded a fatal event: he had dreamed that her husband had gone to a hunting party and was killed. As it was a very vivid dream, and I remember all terrified and asked her husband if he wanted to go hunting, it's said that he was planning a release of those, among other things she was afraid to tell him. After a fortnight, her husband told her that he went hunting and she was seized with anxiety to tell him or not, he feared, even begged her husband not to go hunting, but he reassured her that it would be prudent. But her husband was killed by his friend in an accident similar to that dream.
3. The study of the state of altered consciousness of the sleep / dream
There were numerous cases in both scientific and psychological / interpretation of dreams, already advanced by philosophers and scholars of science of various ages and with the resources that go beyond observation and description of these, and assumptions consequential damages, so the current interpretation prevailed in the vein until there was scientific instrumentation capable of investigating the phenomenon scientifically, but it still has some gaps especially in terms of interpretation and psychological.
For Descartes in 1637, the sleep / dream is a place of the irrational, of illusions, but these are not completely divorced from the reality of man, which lived experience and then has distorted the dream. In the dream, in fact, recent and past experiences come as environmental stimulus plus the stimulus of the unconscious and that its biological program itself.
Centuries later (1900), Freud's interpretation of dreams just yet part of this legacy, but states that the base from which emerge the dreams would almost always a sexual connotation, but can not be expressed as forms: then occurs consciousness or censor that gives different connotations, distorted form original content. These theories were challenged and even surpassed, though in the dream you have an erection of the human organ dysfunction.
In the specific case of premonitory dreams, Dr. Luise Rhine (1930) of the Parapsychology Laboratory at Duke University found that most of the unusual or paranormal experiences happened during the dream, rather than in the waking state, and with a percentage 60% of the collection of the laboratory. Then divided into
these dreams - vivid dreams: those that realistically represented what would have happened, and
- symbolic dreams: those in which the event has turned into a fantasized story or metaphor or figurative information or dramatized, that requires then interpretation (which in the past, the dreamers and dream interpretation). This subdivision
binary premonitory dreams is also the common dream content without warning.
In 1953, Eugene Aserinsky discovered REM sleep or dream.
In 1976, J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley proposed a new theory that radically changed the research system, challenging the old Freudian view of dreams as subconscious wishes that should be interpreted. The activation synthesis theory asserts that the sensory experiences are fabricated by the cerebral cortex as a means of interpreting chaotic signals from the bulb pontine area, from where the stimulation of sleep.
Hobson and McCarley's research in 1976 suggested that the signals interpreted as dreams are origin in the brain stem during REM sleep.
However, research by Mark Solms suggests that dreams are generated in the hindbrain, and that REM and dreams are not directly related. Solms arrived at these conclusions by working on various subjects hospitalized with brain damage. He found that those who had had damage to the parietal lobe stopped dreaming; this finding was in line with Hobson's theory of 1977.
Putting together the research of Hobson and Solms, Continual-activation theory of dreaming by Jie Zhang proposes that dreaming is a result of the synthesis and activation of the brain at the same time, because dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. Zhang suggests that, during REM sleep, the unconscious part of the brain is busy processing the procedural memory and in the meantime, the degree of activity in the conscious part of the brain will decrease to a very low level, such as contributions from the sensor, which will be basically disconnected. This explains why dreams have both characteristics of continuity (within a dream) and sudden changes (between two dreams or the dream itself).
the wake of Aristotle and various mystical texts, Stephen La Berge of Stanford University suggested interference or communication between the two biological programs activated and deactivated by different centers and called lucid dream the dream in which you could intervene with a mechanism and would therefore not belonging to the physiology of the dream: the idea had been suggested in 1970 by a Tibetan Monaco, who claimed to be able to maintain vigilant consciousness during sleep.
In 1942 in Russia, Dr. Vasily Kasatkin began studying the dreams of the civil and military admitted to the hospital recorded the dreams of those who died of starvation and found that those who dreamed of eating rich food, but always managed to assimilate in the dream, After a few days died. Similarly, those who dreamed of some metaphor of a disease, shortly after he saw manifest the disease provided.
So there was a prevalence of premonitory dreams of death or disease or whatever.
He wrote a book, "Theory of Dreams," based on more than 10,000 dreams, recorded and studied in his laboratory. In the dream, "said the warning for what will happen, it becomes a vivid dream that indirectly warns of approaching the subject of the event."
"I can unconscious telepathy, although there are no facts that show. Right now I'm more involved with dreams (warning) that can save lives rather than with dreams that broadcast news. "He also said:" The level of our consciousness is after reaching the telepathic communication to our subconscious. "
wanted to train to become doctors by their patients to describe their dreams in order to identify early warning if there was some disease in the course: a red alert launched by our mind that comes on during sleep.
In 1950, Michel Jouvet demonstrated the mutual independence of the centers that regulate sleep and dream.
But theories about why we dream were distorted by Francis Crick and Graeme Mitchinson, who started from the premise to study a neural network that was too full of information received that overlapped. A computer mad and so is our brain / mind has to be selective in storing and eliminate the surplus, since almost all synapses are excitatory neural networks resulting bioelectrical instability, so the best solution is to deactivate or Unlearn night as it spread along the neural networks: the dreams would be "fleeting shadows" of neural networks that discarding the overloaded during wakefulness.
In 1983, Crick and Mitchinson write that "one should not encourage the attempt to remember your dreams because in those conditions, the body tries to eliminate thought patterns that do not need." Was falling, so the theory of Freud and the interpretation of dreams.
But all this had to undergo a radical denial: do not dream only in my dreams, but also during sleep and also during the pre-sleep or hypnagogic state. As if to say, turn the page and rewrite it all over again (Bosinelli and Stork et al, 1991).
But in the very first editions of the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) is described in paragraph 307.47
- "Nightmare Disorder" and "anxiety disorder related to dreams, terrifying dreams in which they occur mainly during REM sleep, but also in
"post-traumatic stress disorder" these dreams / nightmares occur during stage 2 non-REM sleep. The "sleep terror disorder" with dreams and awakenings occurs during stage 3 and 4 non-REM sleep.
So you can dream of when you fall asleep when you wake up, regardless of whether the cycle is synchronized or unsynchronized.
The question, after all these new scientific findings, is whether you can predict or deduce what period of sleep may be a premonitory dream.
4. The genetic program of biological sleep / dream
Human beings have a genetic trait that elevates them above the physiology of other animals: differentiation evolutionary finer the circadian cycle of sleep / waking dream and biological programs are well-defined that follow one another, and how they work has a particular pattern on all body functions, functions that are largely "automatic" or neurovegetative and precisely follow their own rhythm.
The meaning is still not clear, so much so that the theories on sleep / dream, and many are in contradiction with each other. But you know the different steps off the subject from the state of waking consciousness to soak up phase or stage in presonno hypnagogic state, sleep, dream, to return to the waking state or the ordinary state of reality.
It was not clear whether this clock that marks the change of the internal program is due to change the environment, or metabolic requirements, in particular the brain, or is planned for the second, but also affected the second.
We know that there is a basis for many animals sleep, and even insects, and also for the man in the first phase of increased uterine, that is:
- seismic sleep, sleep or shock, which does not depend on ( it would seem) from a particular internal program, but influences from the outside environment.
Then you should be differentiated in humans:
- the two main phases of the sleep / dream, which are precisely:
• sleep or slow wave sleep or non-REM sleep and dream or
• desynchronized sleep or REM
This is a time when we have the succession of mental images that characterize the dream, or the man himself appears as an actor or participant in the hallucinatory sequences, which dispercepisce movements, environments and more.
These two phases will happen five or six times during the period of rest and the dream becomes longer to achieve the longest period in the dream before waking.
4.1 The stages of sleep and dream: that the phase non-REM or slow wave and REM sleep or a quick wave
The man, like many other living things, has incorporated the rhythms of functioning of many of its functions, especially their own.
These rhythms have different cycles time, depending on the features that are enabled.
main rhythms are called circadian, or follow the rhythm of day-night, but there are other ultradian rhythms such as those that are activated several times during the day.
ultradian rhythms change every 90 'and depend on the prevalence of right hemisphere, or the emotional system, or left, or rational system, these systems are activated and deactivated during the sleep / dream the same time. The emotional system prevails in the dream, or REM sleep, whereas the rational system prevails in the sleep and autonomic functions contral and adapt according to the prevalence hemisphere.
Another important factor is the environment in which it was placed were studied circadian rhythms in confined environments such as deep caves, and there has been a doubling of the normal times, that is, as if one day corresponded to 48 hours.
4.2 The sleep study is fairly recent
In 1936 it was discovered that the EEG showed significant changes during sleep. In fact, large waves alternating slow wave and rapid low-voltage, similar to those of wakefulness and the first case was called slow-wave rhythm and the second rhythm desynchronized (ie, beta rhythm, as in waking).
In 1953 it was discovered that in the dream there were so frequent, low voltage, the subjects' eyes moved, under eyelids, with rapid movement (Rapid Eye Movements). This phase of rest, and that is the dream, took the name of REM sleep.
In 1962 another discovery was made on the REM sleep. At this stage, in fact, noted a block of motor activity primarily of the facial muscles. During a night of sleep (before the dream, or REM sleep) EEG of a subject shows five different stages that alternate many times and with different times: 0
stage: the stage of quiet wakefulness. In a situation of calm and relaxation, the EEG of a subject with lowered eyelids show waves of low amplitude and high frequency denoting wakefulness, that will be interrupted by so-called "alpha waves" larger and slower, and this stage is also called the hypnagogic state, in which mental images appear, and may be recognized as such.
stage 1: the subject is asleep, and the stage of drowsiness. The waves are low amplitude and high frequency. Is maintained muscle tone and eye movements are slow.
Stage 2: This stage is also called sleep average. It is characterized by low frequency and slightly increased the amplitude of the waves and the presence of so-called "K-complexes." The complexes K show a change in the upward direction, followed by a downward deflection of the wave. They are also called to form their "sleep time".
Stage 3: This phase of sleep is characterized by the presence of the "delta waves, the waves are slower. The delta waves are present at levels ranging from 20 to 50 percent. It is a deep sleep from which it is difficult to awaken.
stage 4: this is the deepest phase of sleep. The delta waves are present at levels that exceed 50 percent. After spending several minutes in stage 4, the EEG tracing shows a reverse path.
Subjects returned it to Step 3, the 2 and 1.
latter stage, however, is different from stage 1 described above (stage 1 original). It is characterized by rapid eye movement (REM) and loss of muscle tone (REM sleep stage 1 or emerging). A sleep cycle from the beginning of stage 1 starting at the beginning of an emerging stage lasts 90 minutes. Each cycle lasts about 90 minutes, but within each cycle the duration of the stages is variable. At night cycles have a longer duration of stage 1 and a shorter duration of the emerging stages 3 and 4 (also called delta sleep).
Sleep adult: the first phase of "slow-wave sleep ', the first light, then deeper, and lasts from seventy to ninety minutes. Then we enter the REM stage of sleep, the" call "dreams" (Encephalography the track is very similar to that of an awake patient), one might almost say that the body, with the exception of some muscles of the face and eyes, is "disconnected" from the brain.
The first phase of REM sleep is short (12 minutes), then there is a phase of sleep, "slow" (seventy / ninety minutes). As the night passes, the phases of REM sleep get longer and sleep, "slow" is becoming shallower. These phases are renewed every two hours.
Sometimes between the two phases there is a brief revival of which we do not even notice, but that is a "weak area" in a light enough stimulation to wake up.
REM sleep is the 20/25% of the total.
Awakening almost always comes after a REM sleep and was named state or stage hypnopompic.
4.3 The REM sleep and dreaming
REM sleep is also called "paradoxical sleep", as a body asleep in the activity of the cerebral cortex is similar to that of wakefulness.
The consumption of oxygen in the brain grows, the respiratory rate and blood pressure, heart rate is less regular. Despite the lack of muscle tone, there may have contractions at the extremities of the body. All these features have to think of as REM sleep linked to emotional events. Just on the basis of these assumptions The first experiments were done to investigate the relationship between REM sleep and dreams.
5. Yet undiscovered mechanisms of rest
According to John Searle, although the cause brain states of consciousness, any identification of these states with brain activity is wrong.
neurobiological reductionist approach could, at best, come to find "correlations" between subjective states and brain states, which may be in causal relation, but not identity. According to Searle are conscious only of reality, which comes to our awareness, although the neurobiological substrate to cause this awareness. Thanks
the work on the dream process carried out by Solms (1995, 1997) and Kaplan-Solms (2000), we now know that REM sleep dreams and the activity they belong to different anatomical structures and the basic mechanisms of dreaming are not regulated by the brain structures deep in the brain stem, which instead regulate the physiological mechanisms of REM sleep, but from the front areas of the brain and in particular the lower part of the parietal lobes and the basal medium of the frontal lobes.
The anatomical structures of the brain involved in the phenomenon of the earlier construction of the dream are those involved in the functions of emotion and memory: the limbic system, including components of the limbic frontal areas and temporal, that is the occipito-temporo-parietal junction, and the system of visual areas.
The above means that the control of REM dream is the prerogative of phylogenetically older structures, while dreaming housed in brain areas of more recent phylogenetic development.
Later it was found that a certain dream activity also exists in non-REM phase. The work of
Bosinelli (1982), Bosinelli and Stork (1991) and Foulkes (1962, 1985) have shown the presence of mental activity at all comparable to that recorded during NREM and REM stages also in ' falling asleep.
These dreams are mentioned less or sometimes they leave the memory of a thought rather than actions and situations as complex as those of dreams in REM. According to these authors
how computing in the two types of sleep (NREM and REM) are similar, suggesting a unique production of dreaming, also active in varying degrees during all stages of sleep.
6. The premonition as "output" (response) ordinary of the mind / brain
In 2004, numerous studies have been reported related to abnormal brain activation preceding emotional stimuli (note 4).
The various reports from different laboratories had taken place importance psychophysiological not indifferent, as this activity was not justified by any parameter that could justify or explain. In this trial there was no hint of the paranormal or biopsicocibernetica, although it is understood that this was in anticipation of future planned event, and then the implications with the premonition was just as evident and confirmed, but needs further validation wider.
The report cited one can follow the steps of this demonstration.
In recent years, several studies have observed an anomalous effect of anticipatory type in relation to presentation of emotional stimuli are neutral, or very exciting to people (subjects) any. The effect in question was found that in experiments in psychophysiology "classic", without any reference to the paranormal, and has subsequently been confirmed in several studies.
These studies have been done for example by Sholto & Bierman (2003), Bierman & Radin (1998, 2000), Radin (1996), Globish et al. (1999), and in Italy by Tressoldi (2003). The whole literature of these authors is available in English.
In a typical experimental setup, a person was presented by a PC monitor a sequence of 30 images, divided among 10 images very challenging (emotional) and 20 neutral, with a completely random order of presentation.
same time, psychophysiological data were recorded as skin resistance, heart rate, and possibly others (eg brain activity, EEG).
The presentation of the emotional or neutral stimulus was preceded by a short presentation of a simple pre-stimulus, such as a bright dot on a computer screen, which was followed a few seconds after the presentation of a picture or very emotionally neutral stimulating mode totally random.
psychophysiological parameters heart rate, or the electrical skin resistance were recorded continuously using a special software, which also ran the slide show. The outline of each test is shown below.
Each subject saw 30 images with an interval between each image total of about 20 seconds.
Schema single trial (trial said, in English)
What you get is normally a more obvious emotional arousal (central and peripheral) for strong emotional stimuli compared to neutral, but there was also an unexpected anomaly that is the baseline (the area) before the presentation of the stimulus is not the same for both types of stimuli, in particular, this baseline is significantly higher to strong emotional stimuli, despite the fact that the choice of type of stimulus is carried out in a completely random immediately prior to his presentation (stimuli that give the greatest effect, both absolute and anticipatory, are erotic.)
This anomaly suggests the possibility of a form of precognition (fully unconscious) that changes in the emotional response in advance about 3-4 seconds before the presentation of the stimulus.
The implications of this observation, if confirmed in further independent studies are of great scientific importance, as an anticipatory effect of this type can not be explained within the psychophysiological current theories of consciousness, but requires the development of new paradigms that allow the capability to be precognitive, clairvoyant, telepathic and so on. combined with the phenomenon of consciousness, as supported by many studies carried out for years in the field of psychophysiology, Parapsychology and Biopsicocibernetica.
The proposed study is a substantial replica of this type of testing to be carried out using about 30 subjects, and with a tool that allows you to record three parameters (skin resistance, heart rate, EEG) and a software developed to manage all experiments and their statistical analysis.
careful analysis of the conditions experimental, the randomness of the presentation of stimuli, and other possible artifacts of data analysis, have all been reasonably excluded, so when this unexpected phenomenon lacks a convincing explanation in the formulation of standard neurophysiological theories.
The implications for parapsychology, and also for biopsicocibernetica are important: it could be a type of experiment that demonstrates the existence of precognitive effects in the short term, totally unconscious, and with an experimental design completely different from the classic experiments of precognition Zener-based cards or similar and also randomized.
7. There are neurophysiological basis premonitory dream of?
Michel Jouvet a question arises very deep and still without a solid scientific explanation: it appears the dream during sleep? And you might also add, that reports have dreams with consciousness or awareness?
Jouvet suggests that the dream is a mode of our body / mind to delete or archive the experiences of the day, according to a precise genetic code that is completely disconnected from the nervous system and muscles of the waking state, not responding to stimuli of 'environment, lowers the metabolism and activates brain areas other than those of wakefulness, followed by the precise rhythms that are all alike, but about the content of the dream explanations are multiple, do not have a neurobiological support and seem to depend solely on the mind.
In the statement cycle of sleep / dream dreams and in various forms of "modified" and recently studied by scholars, as
-
and the lucid dream - a dream or premonition
- the daydream or
- other variants
emerge very important considerations, which may remain in its shadow for a scientific explanation and are as follows.
In lucid dreaming, through training (MILD, Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreaming or WBTB, induction and awakening back to sleep, or yet Wake Back To Bed, which would seem the easiest way), you can enter data to a clinical examination showed instrumental in my dreams (La Berge): thus, although the sleep / dream is a very specific biological program, it is likely to be somewhat guided by a training and then you can enter the dream with a predetermined signal.
How then can enter data set, there may be a data entry "spontaneous" or that are beyond our present to each hypothesis or thesis?
These data belong to the physical and psychological properties of man interpretative reading them during the absence of our waking consciousness, or at least when our waking consciousness interfacing with the various periods of sleep and dream, during the surfacing of consciousness real and likely to wake up the subject and make him share the same data, which would take place precisely because such data do not belong to genetic mechanisms of sleep / dream and there was instead a message or a red alert put in place by the body on the basis of interpersonal messages, which can travel with the connections between mirror neurons of people who send them and receive them.
There remains a doubt: Don Bosco's dreams were not of this type, were clear, then recounted the evening were the guys for their meditation and edification, and not hinder at all the role of Don Bosco. One can say that came from other sources, which may not have a psychic, but that someone else uses in relation to the subject's with a kind of mirror neurons have not yet been identified and we can not even find out?
We want to recall here the premonitory dreams already mentioned in relation to studies conducted in the 40s by the Russian scientist Vasily Kasatkin: the doctor who cured the sick during the war of various hospital departments. In his diary we wrote "today I recorded 485 dreams of hunger reported by 102 people who are all dead. Depending on the intensity of the dream are able to determine whether one will survive or die. "In his book, Kasatkin the doctor, as well as dreams of hunger, he described, as already mentioned, also some other strange dreams, some people told him about the obvious or less obvious symptoms of disease, then that will take effect in people. At that point the doctor asked if quell'allarme red, which seemed to be left unspecified by the memory centers of consciousness during sleep / dream was a reality to be studied.
Kasatkin The above-mentioned book, "Theory of Dreams," was then used in local institutions of psychiatry and psychology. He also tried to train the doctors to listen to the dreams of their patients reported that their premonitions without stimulating in that property. He called those dreams warning "sentinels of the body who oversee our health while we sleep and have an important defensive role."
course these dreams do not in any way correspond to those reported in the Bible or from Don Bosco, as they, for their content and their definition, do not allow particular interpretations and related situations are important not for the life of the individual dreamer but others.
ancient dreams, and dreams are also reported in today's secular, not religious content, sometimes to be interpreted as the stimulus received through brain pathways that any response must be scaled analogue. So there
dream and premonitory premonitory dream: it is always the subject of an alert to circumstances that are still in the future, even if immediate.
If we compare these characteristics with the statement made by Crick and Mitchinson on the meaning of dreams glaring differences emerge.
These authors work in the wake of D. Hebb, who postulated that the stronger the connections interneurali (footnote 12) the stronger is the engram coding or storing.
As anticipated, the authors point out that since there is a limit to the storage, man, that waking is in almost constant state of excitement and information overload, may be affected a tilt of brain structures. Experiments performed with a computer showed that the computer went crazy, which suggests that neural networks can not receive a surplus of information, so we need a deletion of unnecessary information, as already said they called "Unlearn or reverse learning" during rest. Hence the definition of dreams as "the elusive shadows of neural networks instead of discarding it put together and then store and structures that the body is trying to erase." Hence also the call, in articles published in 1983, not to remember your dreams, if not our networks are overloaded, they go on tilt.
With the fall of the structures built by Freud and his collaborators, were reinforced theories J. Allan Hobson and RW Mc Carley, according to which dreams are not the main event of the sleep / dream, but a filling of secondary importance to keep quiet man, while the significant changes occurring at the level of neural memories.
In short Freud was wrong because, among other things, the dreams draw their energy from the spontaneous discharge of neurons and not from a "libido" repressed.
Among other things, remarked RW McCarley, dreams have a tendency to fragment and not finish the story started, and this is because, when neurons were unloaded, another group of neurons is going to run down and then start another sequence of mental theater.
escaped, however, in all these theories, something that was almost hidden observer (Hilgard): consciousness.
In 1980, Gordon Globus took care of consciousness during sleep / dream, and declared that the purpose of dreams is not a poor version of messages stored in the sensory ingrown work, or "dirty" but the original version, so the perception of the waking state and that of the dream are not substantially different. He says: "It is absurd that the biological evolution divides sharply into two distinct forms with different mechanisms at its summit: the consciousness human perception and thus the diurnal and nocturnal dispercezione. This is a phenomenon much more complex, we always assume that our brain can analyze and transform the stimulus, keeping the original message, whereas it is not. "
As Husserl sought a transcendental knowledge, absolutely certain, to explain the mind, so the inseparable duo is the brain / mind. One does not work without the other, and the current neuroscience has a very poor design or too physical consciousness. So his theory is that all the worlds that we perceive may already exist in the brain / mind a priori, that come from an infinite library, and the brain under input may choose a particular book but is already built into our genes.
Bergson says that our brain is like a funnel or valve that regulates the stimuli, but all these simplifications and good explanations for not passing by scientism spiritualism are still under way.
Many cultures would call the "third world" sees in dreams a reality separate from everyday life: at night you communicate with the gods, the spirits, with the deceased ancestors.
We could then conclude by saying that we are still with Alice in Wonderland, where Alice was asked if he wanted to see the Red King, or if she were to be in the dream of the Crimson King.
8. Bibliography
1) Translation of Xenophon, Anabasis (© Studentville.it)
translation of Cicero, On Divination (© Studentville.it)
2) Nicola Michele Campanozzi - Articles
The premonitory dream ... The 'Street of Dreams' in the Bible
The dream and its interpretation Biopsicocibernetica. The limits of human knowledge
/ 2
www.campanozzi.netsons.org / index.php?
3) William Giroldini, research project "Anomalous anticipatory brain activation after stimulation emotional" 14 / 12 / 2004
4a) Bierman D., Radin D. (1997) "Anomalous anticipatory response on randomized future conditions”, Perceptual and Motor Skill, 84, 689-690
4b) Bierman D., Radin D. (2003) “Anomalous unconscious emotional responses: Evidence for a reversal of the arrow of time”. To appear in Tuscon III: Towards a science of consciousness, MIT Press.
4c) Globisch J., Hamm A.O., Estevez F., Ohman A. (1999) “Fear appears fast: temporal course of startle reflex potentiation in animal fear subjects”, Physiology, 36, 66-75.
4d) Radin D. (1997) “Unconscious perception of future emotions: an experiment in presentiment”, Journal of Scientific Exploration, 11(2), 163-180.
4e) Radin D. (2000) “Evidence for an anomalous anticipatory effect on the autonomic nervous system ", Boundary Institute
5) Mauro Mancia (2009)" Psychoanalysis and Neuroscience: A current debate on the dream "
www.psychiatryonline.it / ital / mancia.htm
6) A Quirino Zangrilli (2005 ) The dream: phylogenetic memory of the cybernetic model of the mind, Extract from the Report held by the author at the conference "Origins of Dreams" held in Frosinone on 10-11 March 2005
6b) Bosinelli M., STORK PC (ed. ): Dreams: the children of an idle brain, Basic Books Bollati, Torino, 1991
7) Jouvet M: The nature of the dream, Theoria, Rome, 1991
8) HOBSON JA: The dream machine, Giunti, Florence, 1992
9) Peter Doormat, I dream of Don Bosco, 1988 editions Elledici
10) B. Lemoyne and Various Authors, Biographical Memoirs of Don Bosco, ed 1898/1948
11) J. LeDoux, The Emotional Brain, Mondadori 1996
12) J Hooper, D. Teresi, The universe of the mind, CDE
Milan 1986 13) R. Broughton, Parapsychology, ed. Sperling and Kupfer, 1994
14) H. Gris, William Dick, Parapsychology in the USSR, Rizzoli 1981
15) Various Authors, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision, 2000
Masson 16) Stephen La Berge, lucid dreaming ( 1988), Armenia publisher
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